Improvement on explaining my ideas on the topic:

The vegan diet does not include the intake of any kind of animal product. However, the different kinds of vitamins that are crucial for people to intake are usually in animal products, such as B-12 from intestinal bacteria, protein, and calcium. Without the nutrition awareness of a vegan diet, it can lead to nutritional deficiency. According to the study conducted by Lap Tai Le and Joan Sabate, “vegans had 30% higher fracture rates than meat-eaters,” (Lap Tai Le and Joan Sabate, pg.6, 2014). Vegans have to have nutrition awareness because, with the appropriate food choices, there will be no worries of nutritional inadequacy. Foods that are high in calcium such as sweet potatoes, broccoli, spinach, and other greens can lower the high fracture rate, “However, when adjusted for calcium intake, vegans no longer had a higher fracture rate,” (Lap Tai Le and Joan Sabate, pg.6, 2014). With the proper knowledge of nutrition, the rate of deficiency decreases and is avoided. It was also determined that a high intake of vitamin K can decrease the risk of hip fractures as well, “In the Nurses’ Health Study, middle-aged women consuming the most vitamin K had the lowest risk of hip fracture…… decreased 45%,” (Winston J Craig, pg.3, 2009). This research further confirmed that with proper knowledge and awareness of nutrition for a vegan diet, there should be no worry of deficiencies or weak bones. Without proper knowledge of the vegan diet, it can cause an increase of cardio-metabolic disease risk factors from vitamin B12 deficiency as well, (Lap Tai Le and Joan Sabate, pg.6, 2014). To prevent the risk factor and intake the proper amount of B12, there are multiple supplements that can be taken to prevent the deficiencies, “For those following plant-based diets, B12-fortified products or supplements ensure that needs for this essential nutrient are met,” (Hana Kahleova, Susan Levin, Neal Barnard, pg.6, 2017).  To prevent hip bone fractures and an increase of cardiometabolic diseases from nutritional deficiencies, a person on a vegan diet can take the proper supplement needed and have an awareness of the foods that include crucial vitamins for those that do not consume processed meat daily. The studies that were conducted by the three articles all conclude that proper nutritional knowledge of a vegan diet can prevent and reduce the percentage of cardio-metabolic diseases to occur by giving examples of foods rich in the crucial vitamins needed and supplements as well.  

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